Pacote de driver
Drivers Asus ASUSPRO P2430UA
Famílias de SO visíveis: Windows 10 64-bit, Windows 8.1 64-bit, Windows 8 64-bit, Windows 7 32-bit
Downloads
124 files| OS | Category | Title | Version | Size | Date | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Windows 10 64-bit | VGA |
VGA_Intel_Skylake_Win10_64_VER2019154454.zip
|
V20.19.15.4454 | 199.44 MBytes | 2016/06/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | VGA |
VGA_Intel_Skylake_Win10_64_VER2019154326.zip
|
V20.19.15.4326 | 175 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | VGA |
VGA_nVidia_Win10_64_VER101813538402.zip
|
V10.18.13.5384.02 | 434.62 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BIOS |
Optimize system performance
P453UAAS305.zip
|
305 | 2.69 MBytes | 2017/06/22 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BIOS |
Update FW Please also update Intel MEI driver V11.0.5.1192
P453UAAS302.zip
|
302 | 2.68 MBytes | 2016/07/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | AUDIO |
Audio_Conexant_Win10_64_VER8663052.zip
|
V8.66.30.52 | 100.21 MBytes | 2016/05/03 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | AUDIO |
Audio_Conexant_Win10_64_VER8662650.zip
|
V8.66.26.50 | 117.39 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | LAN |
LAN_Realtek_Win10_64_VER1010714201601.zip
|
V10.10.714.2016.01 | 10.1 MBytes | 2017/01/24 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | LAN |
LAN_Realtek_Win10_64_VER1037232015.zip
|
V10.3.723.2015 | 9.27 MBytes | 2015/10/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Card Reader |
CardReader_Alcor_Win10_64_VER2062011744471.zip
|
V20.6.20117.44471 | 16.59 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | TouchPad |
Please update ATK Package V1.0.0020 or later in advance
SmartGesture_WIN10_64_VER4017.zip
|
V4.0.17 | 55.24 MBytes | 2016/12/07 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | TouchPad |
SmartGesture_WIN10_64_VER409.zip
|
V4.0.9 | 50.34 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Others |
MEI_Intel_15M_Win10_64_VER11061194.zip
|
V11.0.6.1194 | 90.71 MBytes | 2016/08/26 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Others |
MEI_Intel_15M_Win10_64_VER11051192.zip
|
V11.0.5.1192 | 91.6 MBytes | 2016/06/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Others |
Fingerprint_Validity_WBF_Win10_VER453220.zip
|
V4.5.322.0 | 15.41 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Others |
IRST_Intel_Skylake_Win10_64_VER14631032.zip
|
V14.6.3.1032 | 2.18 MBytes | 2015/12/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Others |
DPTF_Intel_Skylake_Win10_64_VER8110603192.zip
|
V8.1.10603.192 | 17.1 MBytes | 2015/10/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
"Enhances your ASUS notebook PC screen, reproducing richer and deeper colors for visually stunning experience. "
Splendid_Win10_64_VER3190004_P453UA_UJ.zip
|
V3.19.0004 | 14.7 MBytes | 2017/05/09 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
A suite of tools for Business management.
ASUSBusinessManager_Win10_64_VER167.zip
|
V1.6.7 | 152.3 MBytes | 2017/05/09 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
An application provides quick charger for your portable device.
USB_Charger_Plus_Win10_64_VER420.zip
|
V4.2.0 | 11.08 MBytes | 2017/03/16 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
An application provides quick charger for your portable device.
USB_Charger_Plus_Win10_64_VER418.zip
|
V4.1.8 | 10.83 MBytes | 2016/12/07 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
Make the checking, download and installation program procedure more automatic and smart.
LiveUpdate_Win10_64_VER343.zip
|
V3.4.3 | 9.18 MBytes | 2016/11/02 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUS Live Update
ASUS_LiveUpdate_343.zip
|
V3.4.3 | 8.82 MBytes | 2016/08/26 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUS Live Update
ASUS_LiveUpdate_Win7_32_64_Win81_64_Win10_64_VER341.zip
|
V3.4.1 | 8.71 MBytes | 2016/06/06 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUSBusinessManager_Win10_64_VER1012.zip
|
V1.0.12 | 135.34 MBytes | 2016/03/04 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
LiveUpdate_Win10_64_VER337.zip
|
V3.3.7 | 9.83 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
GamingAssistant_Win10_64_VER103.zip
|
V1.0.3 | 1.57 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
ICESound_Win10_64_VER100120.zip
|
V1.0.0.120 | 5.75 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
Splendid_Win10_64_VER3130004.zip
|
3.13.0004 | 10.53 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Utilities |
Wireless_Display_Intel_Win10_64_VER60400.zip
|
V6.0.40.0 | 114.8 MBytes | 2015/10/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_QualcommAtheros_Win10_64_VER110010426.zip
|
V11.0.0.10426 | 88.32 MBytes | 2017/05/24 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Realtek_Win10_64_VER20234610312016.zip
|
V2023.46.1031.2016 | 31.15 MBytes | 2017/05/09 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_QualcommAtheros_Win10_64_VER110010419.zip
|
V11.0.0.10419 | 88.36 MBytes | 2017/05/09 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Intel_Win10_64_VER194003.zip
|
V19.40.0.3 | 164.53 MBytes | 2017/05/08 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Realtek_Win10_64_VER2023387012016.zip
|
V2023.38.701.2016 | 29.99 MBytes | 2016/12/07 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Intel_Win10_64_VER19011.zip
|
V19.0.1.1 | 159.82 MBytes | 2016/08/26 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Wireless |
WirelessRadioControl_Win10_64_VER1005.zip
|
V1.0.0.5 | 156.1 KBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BIOS-Utilities |
WinFlash_Win10_64_VER310.zip
|
V3.1.0 | 964.29 KBytes | 2016/02/23 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BIOS-Utilities |
WinFlash_Win10_64_VER302.zip
|
V3.0.2 | 905.79 KBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | Chipset |
Chipset_Intel_Win10_64_VER101111.zip
|
V10.1.1.11 | 2.68 MBytes | 2015/10/28 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | ATK |
ATKACPI driver and hotkey-related utilities Fix Unquoted Service Path issue. Thanks for Yunus YILDIRIM (@Th3GundY), CT-Zer0 Team (@CRYPTTECH)
ATKPackage_Win10_64_VER100050.zip
|
V1.0.0050 | 11.27 MBytes | 2016/10/18 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Intel_Win10_64_VER18116123253.zip
|
V18.1.1612.3253 | 7.83 MBytes | 2016/08/26 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_QualcommAtheros_Win10_64_VER10016.zip
|
V10.0.1.6 | 8.12 MBytes | 2016/02/05 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Intel_Win10_64_VER18115462762.zip
|
V18.1.1546.2762 | 8.06 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Realtek_Win10_64_VER13875091015.zip
|
V1.3.875.091015 | 15.82 MBytes | 2015/12/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_QualcommAtheros_Win10_64_VER10012.zip
|
V10.0.1.2 | 7.74 MBytes | 2015/10/29 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_FCC.pdf
|
V1.0 | 86.94 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_CE.pdf
|
V1.0 | 47.03 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_Cer_BSMI.pdf
|
V1.0 | 497.5 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CCC_P453.pdf
|
V1.0 | 709.22 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 10 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CB_P453x.pdf
|
V1.0 | 275.2 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | BIOS |
Optimize system performance
P453UAAS305.zip
|
305 | 2.69 MBytes | 2017/06/22 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | BIOS |
Update FW Please also update Intel MEI driver V11.0.5.1192
P453UAAS302.zip
|
302 | 2.68 MBytes | 2016/07/29 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_FCC.pdf
|
V1.0 | 86.94 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_CE.pdf
|
V1.0 | 47.03 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_Cer_BSMI.pdf
|
V1.0 | 497.5 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CCC_P453.pdf
|
V1.0 | 709.22 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8.1 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CB_P453x.pdf
|
V1.0 | 275.2 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | BIOS |
Optimize system performance
P453UAAS305.zip
|
305 | 2.69 MBytes | 2017/06/22 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | BIOS |
Update FW Please also update Intel MEI driver V11.0.5.1192
P453UAAS302.zip
|
302 | 2.68 MBytes | 2016/07/29 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_FCC.pdf
|
V1.0 | 86.94 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_CE.pdf
|
V1.0 | 47.03 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_Cer_BSMI.pdf
|
V1.0 | 497.5 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CCC_P453.pdf
|
V1.0 | 709.22 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 8 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CB_P453x.pdf
|
V1.0 | 275.2 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | BIOS |
Optimize system performance
P453UAAS305.zip
|
305 | 2.69 MBytes | 2017/06/22 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | BIOS |
Update FW Please also update Intel MEI driver V11.0.5.1192
P453UAAS302.zip
|
302 | 2.68 MBytes | 2016/07/29 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_FCC.pdf
|
V1.0 | 86.94 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_CE.pdf
|
V1.0 | 47.03 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_Cer_BSMI.pdf
|
V1.0 | 497.5 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CCC_P453.pdf
|
V1.0 | 709.22 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 32-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CB_P453x.pdf
|
V1.0 | 275.2 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | VGA |
VGA_Intel_Skylake_Win7_64_VER201915435202.zip
|
V20.19.15.4352.02 | 180.45 MBytes | 2016/03/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | VGA |
VGA_nVidia_Win7_64_VER1018135443.zip
|
V10.18.13.5443 | 438.11 MBytes | 2016/03/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BIOS |
Optimize system performance
P453UAAS305.zip
|
305 | 2.69 MBytes | 2017/06/22 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BIOS |
Update FW Please also update Intel MEI driver V11.0.5.1192
P453UAAS302.zip
|
302 | 2.68 MBytes | 2016/07/29 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | AUDIO |
Audio_Conexant_WIN7_64_VER8663052.zip
|
V8.66.30.52 | 100.21 MBytes | 2016/05/06 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | AUDIO |
Audio_Conexant_WIN7_64_VER8662658.zip
|
V8.66.26.58 | 119.17 MBytes | 2016/03/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | LAN |
LAN_Realtek_Win7_64_VER709201152015.zip
|
V7.092.0115.2015 | 5.9 MBytes | 2015/11/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Card Reader |
CardReader_Alcor_WIN7_64_VER2052011743858.zip
|
V20.5.20117.43858 | 15.62 MBytes | 2015/06/16 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | TouchPad |
Please update ATK Package V1.0.0020 or later in advance
SmartGesture_Win7_64_VER4017.zip
|
V4.0.17 | 55.24 MBytes | 2017/01/10 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | TouchPad |
Please update ATK Package V1.0.0020 or later in advance
SmartGesture_Win7_64_VER4015.zip
|
V4.0.15 | 54.29 MBytes | 2016/08/16 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
MEI_Intel_Skylake_15M_Win7_64_VER11061194.rar
|
V11.0.6.1194 | 79.43 MBytes | 2016/08/09 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
MEI_Intel_Skylake_15M_Win7_64_VER11051192.zip
|
V11.0.5.1192 | 91.6 MBytes | 2016/06/28 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
DPTF_Intel_Skylake_Win7_64_VER8110604207.zip
|
V8.1.10604.207 | 19.17 MBytes | 2016/02/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
IRST_Intel_Skylake_Win7_64_VER14631032.zip
|
V14.6.3.1032 | 2.24 MBytes | 2016/02/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
MEI_Intel_Skylake_5M_Win7_64_VER11001173.zip
|
V11.0.0.1173 | 94.17 MBytes | 2016/02/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Others |
Fingerprint_Validity_Win7_64_VER2300.zip
|
V2.3.0.0 | 42.72 MBytes | 2015/06/16 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
An application provides fingerprint authentication for Windows operating system.
FingerPrint_ASUS_WIN7_64_VER1128.zip
|
V1.1.28 | 42.32 MBytes | 2017/01/10 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUS Live Update
ASUS_LiveUpdate_343.zip
|
V3.4.3 | 8.82 MBytes | 2016/08/26 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
Make the checking, download and installation program procedure more automatic and smart.
LiveUpdate_WIN7_64_VER341.zip
|
V3.4.1 | 8.71 MBytes | 2016/07/20 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUS Live Update
ASUS_LiveUpdate_Win7_32_64_Win81_64_Win10_64_VER341.zip
|
V3.4.1 | 8.71 MBytes | 2016/06/06 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
Microsoft_Hotfix_KB3033929.zip
|
KB3033929 | 43.88 MBytes | 2016/05/12 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
Wireless_Display_Intel_Win7_64_VER60600.zip
|
V6.0.60.0 | 174.58 MBytes | 2016/05/06 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
An application provides fingerprint authentication for Windows operating system.
FingerPrint_ASUS_WIN7_64_VER1127.zip
|
V1.1.27 | 42.7 MBytes | 2016/04/27 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
ASUSBusinessManager_WIN7_64_VER1012.zip
|
V1.0.12 | 135.34 MBytes | 2016/03/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
Splendid_Win7_64_VER3140006.zip
|
V3.14.0006 | 10.57 MBytes | 2016/02/24 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
ICESound_Win7_64_VER100135.zip
|
V1.0.0.135 | 5.77 MBytes | 2016/02/24 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
Wireless_Display_Intel_Win7_64_VER60520.zip
|
V6.0.52.0 | 160.09 MBytes | 2016/02/04 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
LiveUpdate_WIN7_64_VER337.zip
|
V3.3.7 | 9.88 MBytes | 2016/02/04 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
USBChargerPlus_WIN7_64_VER416.zip
|
V4.1.6 | 10.84 MBytes | 2015/11/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Utilities |
WirelessConsole3_WIN7_64_VER3047.zip
|
V3.0.47 | 9.55 MBytes | 2015/06/15 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Intel_Win7_64_VER19009.zip
|
V19.0.0.9 | 159.81 MBytes | 2016/08/16 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Qualcomm_Win7_64_VER110010374.zip
|
V11.0.0.10374 | 211.47 MBytes | 2016/08/10 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_QualcommAtheros_Win7_64_VER110010235.zip
|
V11.0.0.10235 | 210.68 MBytes | 2016/06/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Realtek_Win7_64_VER20232210162015.zip
|
V2023.22.1016.2015 | 45.57 MBytes | 2016/02/24 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_Intel_Win7_64_VER183205.zip
|
V18.32.0.5 | 181.01 MBytes | 2016/02/24 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Wireless |
WLAN_QualcommAtheros_Win7_64_VER100032401.zip
|
V10.0.0.324.01 | 43.71 MBytes | 2015/11/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BIOS-Utilities |
WinFlash_WIN7_64_VER310.zip
|
V3.1.0 | 964.54 KBytes | 2016/03/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | USB |
USB3_Intel_Win7_64_VER40555.zip
|
V4.0.5.55 | 5.29 MBytes | 2016/07/19 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | USB |
USB3_Intel_Win7_64_VER40242.zip
|
V4.0.2.42 | 5.25 MBytes | 2016/02/02 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Chipset |
Chipset_Intel_WIN7_64_VER101111.zip
|
V10.1.1.11 | 2.68 MBytes | 2015/11/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | ATK |
ATKACPI driver and hotkey-related utilities Fix Unquoted Service Path issue. Thanks for Yunus YILDIRIM (@Th3GundY), CT-Zer0 Team (@CRYPTTECH)
ATKPackage_Win7_64_VER100050.zip
|
V1.0.0050 | 11.27 MBytes | 2016/10/18 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_QualcommAtheros_Win7_64_VER801362.zip
|
V8.0.1.362 | 95 MBytes | 2016/08/10 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Intel_WIN7_64_VER19016010594.zip
|
V19.0.1601.0594 | 35.37 MBytes | 2016/04/27 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Intel_WIN7_64_VER18115100550.zip
|
V18.1.1510.0550 | 35.44 MBytes | 2016/02/24 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_Realtek_WIN7_64_VER3876867090115.zip
|
V3.876.867.090115 | 61.91 MBytes | 2016/02/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | BlueTooth |
Bluetooth_QualcommAtheros_WIN7_64_VER801344.zip
|
V8.0.1.344 | 94.71 MBytes | 2015/11/03 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_FCC.pdf
|
V1.0 | 86.94 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_DoC_CE.pdf
|
V1.0 | 47.03 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
EMC_P453U_Cer_BSMI.pdf
|
V1.0 | 497.5 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CCC_P453.pdf
|
V1.0 | 709.22 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | EMI and Safety |
Cer_CB_P453x.pdf
|
V1.0 | 275.2 KBytes | 2016/01/21 | Download |
| Windows 7 64-bit | Driver Package |
P453UA_UJ_WIN7_64_V202_Lite.rar
|
V2.02 | 1.89 GBytes | 2016/03/18 | Download |
Drivers para computadores portáteis Asus
Driver FAQ
How do I choose the correct driver for this laptop?
Match the driver by operating system and version shown in the table. If you are unsure, start with chipset and storage drivers first, then graphics and audio.
What should I do if a driver download link does not work?
Use the download button first. If the vendor file is unavailable, use the official vendor support page for this model and compare the driver version and release date before installing.
In what order should I install laptop drivers?
A practical order is chipset, storage, graphics, network, audio, then peripheral components. Reboot after major packages such as chipset and graphics.